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0c\uff09\u3002\u6e05\u5355\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9879\u76ee\u90fd\u662f\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u3002\u5217\u8868\u4e0a\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u662f\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u5e76\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u628a\u8bba\u8bc1\u770b\u6210\u590d\u6742\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u53e5\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u5355\u3002PPT\u6559\u4f1a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u201c\u77e5\u4e3a\u5bfb\u627e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8bba\u8bc1\u5982\u5217\u8868\u201d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u521d\u7684\u667a\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u662f\u8d2b\u4e4f\u7684\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u9875\u9762\u662f\u4ee5\u516d\u5e74\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00\u6c34\u5e73\u4e3a\u51c6\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u3002\u5a92\u4ecb\u672c\u8eab\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u77e5\u4e3a\u5bfb\u627e\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u5217\u8868\u662f\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u98df\u7cae\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c1\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u975e\u5e38\u76f4\u767d\u5730\u6559\u6388\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bdd\u8bed\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08discursive reasoning\uff09\u3002\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5e74\u5c11\u65f6\u9605\u8bfb\u6570\u4e07\u9875\u6563\u6587\uff0c\u6765\u88ab\u52a8\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0d\u600e\u4e48\u8bfb\u4e66\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u201c\u77e5\u4e3a\u5bfb\u627e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8bba\u8bc1\u5982\u5217\u8868\u201d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u66f4\u5927\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81f4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u771f\u6b63\u4e86\u89e3\u6885\u7279\u7f57\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u3001\u8c6a\u65af\u970d\u5c14\u5fb7\u3001\u6216\u5c3c\u5fb7\u66fc-\u7fc1\u65bd\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\u800c\u975e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e58\u6cd5\u8868\u957f\u5927\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u957f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u8f85\u52a9\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e8b\u60c5\u5e76\u81ea\u5df1\u601d\u8003\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u81f4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8054\u60f3\u5f0f\u81f4\u77e5\uff08associative knowing\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5c06\u4e8b\u7269\u5f7c\u6b64\u5173\u8054\u3002\u8981\u505a\u5230\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8054\u60f3\u5f0f\u81f4\u77e5\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u5934\u8111\u5fc5\u987b\u5145\u6ee1\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u50cf\u8bb8\u591a\u5c0f\u94a9\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6293\u4f4f\u4f60\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u9605\u8bfb\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5373\u67d0\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u53ef\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u300c\u56fe\u4e66\uff0f\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u6280\u672f\u300d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\u8bfb\u8005\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u8d85\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u80cc\u8bf5\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8654\u8bda\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fd8\u4e86\uff0c\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u641c\u7d22\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u95f2\u6687\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7f51\u6d4f\u89c8\uff0c\u8111\u5b50\u91cc\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u6619\u82b1\u4e00\u73b0\u7684\u65e0\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5173\u4e8e\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u8863\u670d\u548c\u80e1\u601d\u4e71\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5237\u65b0\u9875\u9762\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fc5\u901f\u64e6\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6b64\u611f\u5230\u9a84\u50b2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u89c1\u591a\u8bc6\u5e7f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u4ee5\u8054\u60f3\u5f0f\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u601d\u8003\u3002\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u9646\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u7b80\u76f4\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u51c6\u5907\u597d\uff0c\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5f3a\u8feb\u53bb\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u5185\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u8d85\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u504f\u597d\u7b97\u6cd5\u5f0f\u81f4\u77e5\u800c\u975e\u8054\u60f3\u5f0f\u81f4\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\u3002\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u754c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6570\u91cf\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u81f4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5c5e\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u81f4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u91cc\u771f\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u67cf\u897f\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u66fc\uff08Percy Bridgmen\uff09\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08operationalism\uff09\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u79d1\u6069\uff08Morris Cohen\uff09\u548c\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u7eb3\u683c\u5c14\uff08Ernst Nagel\uff09\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u7248\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u50f5\u5316\u6a21\u4eff\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u8005\u9010\u6e10\u8f6c\u5411\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u611a\u8822\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5bf9\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f62\u5f0f\u91c7\u53d6\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u8fd9\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6781\u597d\u4f8b\u8bc1\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\u4ece\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\uff08social engineering\uff09\u7684\u72ed\u9698\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u6216\u5f3a\u884c\u5b9e\u65bd\u67d0\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fd8\u8981\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5f8b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u6559\u7ed9\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u4e0d\u8bbe\u9632\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6bcf\u5e74\u5927\u7ea6\u6709500\u81f31000\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53bb\u60f3\u60f3\u5982\u4eca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5353\u8d8a\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u95ee\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7cfb\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4efd\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u95ee\u8fc7\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u5f88\u8bda\u5b9e\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u5371\u673a\u7684\u5f81\u5146\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u62db\u901a\u7528\uff08one-size-fits-all\uff09\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bc4\u4f30\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u6210\u8d25\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u53ea\u624b\u906e\u5929\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4efb\u52a1\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u63a8\u5411\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u81ea\u6740\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6740\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u5316\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u5815\u843d\u4e3a\u5584\u610f\u4f46\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u611a\u8822\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u70ed\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7c\u7a1a\u7684\u8fc7\u5206\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u6211\u60f3\u8bf4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u8d8b\u52bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u521d\u9732\u7aef\u502a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u3001\u800c\u662f\u7531\u673a\u5668\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u663e\u8457\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u786e\u5b9e\u5177\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u5df2\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5c11\u5e74\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u52301940\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u4ee5\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e94\u7528\u7279\u522b\u7a81\u51fa\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u8499\u7279\u5361\u6d1b\uff08Monte Carlo\uff09\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u5c3d\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u4f30\u7b97\u4ee5\u524d\u96be\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u7684\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u641c\u7d22\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6781\u5ea6\u5608\u6742\u6216\u7a00\u758f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u5f31\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u90fd\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u6b23\u8d4f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u4f46\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5e76\u4e0d\u64c5\u957f\u4e8e\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5728\u773c\u524d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u86ee\u529b\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5584\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u8054\u60f3\u5f0f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u8fd0\u7528\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u5947\u602a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u72af\u81f4\u547d\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6b63\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u63a8\u5411\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6700\u64c5\u957f\u7684\u90a3\u51e0\u7c7b\u81f4\u77e5\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6982\u7387\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u548c\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fed\u4ee3\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5316\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u91cd\u590d\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u7528\u8fc7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u8005\u671f\u671b\u4ece\u6570\u5b57\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d1\u73b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u300a\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5f55\u300b\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u987a\u5e8f\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf40\u591a\u5e74\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u88ab\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u7d22\u5f15\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf60\u591a\u5e74\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5bf9\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u5723\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e1d\u6beb\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4ee5\u4ec0\u4e48\u987a\u5e8f\u5199\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5f55\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u3001\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u8bdd\u8bed\u6027\u7684\u3001\u7ebf\u6027\u6709\u5e8f\uff08discursive, linearly-ordered\uff09\u7684\u81f4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u8870\u843d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4eca\u665a\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u8f6c\u5411\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u81f4\u77e5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u81f4\u77e5\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\u4ee5\u53e3\u5934\u6216\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u82b1\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u4ea4\u8c08\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u535a\u5ba2\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8d70\u5eca\u91cc\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7ecf\u5e38\u5728\u8d70\u5eca\u91cc\u804a\u5929\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u8fd9\u5f53\u6210\u662f\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u4e0d\u7b97\u592a\u7cdf\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u53e3\u5934\u8868\u8fbe\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\u5411\u89c6\u89c9\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u63d2\u56fe\u968f\u774019\u4e16\u7eaa\u5370\u5237\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4e0d\u52a0\u63d2\u56fe\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u5230\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7231\u8bfb\u7684\u6446\u5728\u4e09\u5c42\u67b6\u5b50\u4e0a\u5356\u7684\u3001\u6709\u591a\u5e45\u63d2\u56fe\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5230\u5ec9\u4ef7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u548c\u65b0\u95fb\u753b\u62a5\u3002\u800c\u540e\u676520\u4e16\u7eaa\u53c8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u7535\u5f71\u3002\u7535\u5f71\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4f18\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f18\u70b9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u89c6\u89c9\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u300a\u5b89\u5a1c\u00b7\u5361\u5217\u5c3c\u5a1c\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7535\u5f71\u89c2\u770b\u7684\u51e0\u5c0f\u65f6\u80a4\u6d45\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u82b1\u51e0\u661f\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u9605\u8bfb\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5219\u80fd\u6c89\u6d78\u4e8e\u5176\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u4e2d\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u7535\u5f71\u4e4b\u540e\u5f53\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u7535\u89c6\u548c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u3001\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f7f\u67d0\u79cd\u5373\u65f6\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u524d\u5374\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u3002\u4f46\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u5854\u592b\u7279\uff08Edward Tufte\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u89c6\u89c9\u518d\u73b0\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u4f20\u8fbe\u9ad8\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u547d\u9898\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e0d\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u54c8\u59c6\u96f7\u7279\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e24\u96be\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u89c6\u89c9\u81f4\u77e5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u8bdd\u8bed\u81f4\u77e5\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u667a\u8bc6\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u90a3\u4e48\u8ba9\u6211\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u81f4\u77e5\u65b9\u9762\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5b69\u5b50\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u8eab\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u8f6c\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u81f4\u77e5\u3001\u201c\u77e5\u4e3a\u5bfb\u627e\u201d\u3001\u4ee5\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e3a\u81f4\u77e5\uff0c\u65e5\u76ca\u8fdc\u79bb\u4ee5\u624b\u827a\u4eba\u72ec\u81ea\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u81f4\u77e5\u3001\u4ee5\u8054\u60f3\u4e3a\u81f4\u77e5\u3001\u4ee5\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e3a\u81f4\u77e5\u3002\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5411\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u81f4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5b83\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5f3a\u9879\u662f\u641c\u7d22\u548c\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u4f8b\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5411\u57fa\u4e8e\u534a\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u53d7\u5230\u575a\u51b3\u6297\u62d2\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u201c\u4e00\u62db\u901a\u7528\u201d\u7684\u81f4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5411\u7740\u5c06\u81f4\u77e5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5904\u5883\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u6570\u91cf\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u6750\u6599\u548c\u5f31\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8fdc\u79bb\u53ea\u6709\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7cbe\u5fc3\u6784\u601d\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u6563\u6587\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u518d\u73b0\uff08formal symbolic 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uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5411\u300c\u6240\u6709\u81f4\u77e5\u90fd\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u81f4\u77e5\u300d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u77e5\u8bc6\u53f2\u4e0a\u53cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u57281910\u5e74\u4ee3\u30011930\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u4eba\u9020\u536b\u661f\u4e0a\u5929\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u6d41\u884c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u518d\u94f8\u6210\u975e\u79d1\u5b66\u8bed\u6c47\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6765\u6765\u53bb\u53bb\u4e86\u81f3\u5c11\u4e09\u6b21\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u805a\u7c7b\u5206\u6790\u3001\u56e0\u5b50\u5206\u6790\u3001\u591a\u7ef4\u6807\u5ea6\u3001\u8499\u7279\u5361\u6d1b\u6a21\u62df\u3001\u6a21\u62df\u9000\u706b\u6cd5\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u521d\u6b21\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u771f\u6b63\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5176\u4e2d\u5c11\u6570\u65b9\u6cd5\u6700\u7ec8\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u8bdd\u8bed\u5411\u89c6\u89c9\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u8fd9\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\u624d\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u4ece\u5370\u5237\u672f\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc4\u4eca\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u81f4\u77e5\u90fd\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5904\u7406\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u65f6\u5374\u6beb\u65e0\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u6ca1\u670919\u4e16\u7eaa\u666e\u904d\u8bc6\u5b57\u5174\u8d77\u4ee5\u6765\u8bf8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u5927\u91cf\u9605\u8bfb\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5219\u66f4\u662f\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u957f\u671f\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8c03\u6574\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5b83\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6765\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5386\u65f6\u957f\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d8b\u52bf\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>1. \u00a0\u8f6c\u5411\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u4ea4\u6613\u5bfc\u5411\u578b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u6570\u636e\u91c7\u96c6\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>2. \u00a0\u81f4\u77e5\u8005\u5411\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5546\u54c1\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u9ad8\u6548\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u8a00\u5f85\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u975e\u5e38\u5e9e\u5927\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u9010\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u6cd5\u521b\u9020\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5229\u6da6\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>3. \u00a0\u5411\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u65e0\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u52a8\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u718f\u9676\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>4. \u4ece\u8bdd\u8bed\u81f4\u77e5\u8f6c\u5411\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u53e3\u5934\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u53e3\u5934\u81f4\u77e5\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u66f4\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u66f4\u5e73\u7b49\uff08\u6070\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u5bf9\u81f4\u77e5\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u4f4e\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u81f3\u5c11150\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u53d8\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u79cd\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u9677\u5165\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u89c6\u800c\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u628a\u53cc\u5203\u5251\u3002\u5176\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8fce\u5934\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u8865\u6551\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8981\u548c\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u548c\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u8d8b\u52bf\u201d\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5468\u671f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u6240\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\uff1a<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>1. \u793e\u4f1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5411\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u65b9\u9762\u503e\u659c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u660e\u65b0\u7684\u4e2d\u5c42\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u5c06\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0e\u5148\u524d\u7684\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>2. \u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u81f4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53d7\u653e\u5f03\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u53bb\u4ece\u4e8b\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u6240\u9a71\u52a8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u56de\u5230\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5ffd\u7565\u5916\u90e8\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5949\u627f\u548c\u60e9\u7f5a\u6765\u5236\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>3. \u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9002\u5408\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u81f4\u77e5\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u81ea\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6700\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3001\u7f8e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>4. \u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u81f4\u77e5\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u5f53\u6210\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u641c\u7d22\u201d\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f53\u524d\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u81f4\u77e5\u90fd\u5f53\u4f5c\u7b97\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u9650\u7684\u3002\u8054\u60f3\u5f0f\u81f4\u77e5\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u8054\u60f3\u63a8\u7406\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u6b63\u5f0f\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u949f\u6446\u63a8\u5f80\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/section>\n<section>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/section>\n<section>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4e5f\u6709\u5468\u671f\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u548c\u5468\u671f\u6027\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u5371\u673a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u672a\u80fd\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u6b63\u7ecf\u7684\u65b0\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ece\u8fc7\u591a\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u8fc7\u591a\u80af\u5b9a\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6765\u81ea\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u673a\u5668\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u51b2\u51fb\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5468\u671f\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u548c\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6df7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7cbe\u529b\u6295\u5165\u5230\u5468\u671f\u6027\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u54ea\u4e9b\u884c\u5f97\u901a\u3001\u54ea\u4e9b\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u81ea\u8bc1\u6b63\u786e\uff08self-validation\uff09\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><strong>0<\/strong><strong>4<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section><strong>20\u4e16\u7eaa\u77e5\u8bc6\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5dc5\u5cf0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5f62\u52bf\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u4e2a\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u8d8b\u52bf\u548c\u5468\u671f\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e13\u4e1a\u81f4\u77e5\u4e2d\u5f15\u8d77\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u5386\u8f6c\u6298\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5a01\u80c1\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u3002<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u768420\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u6b64\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u652f\u6491\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u5dc5\u5cf0\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5dc5\u5cf0\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u77e5\u8bc6\u65b9\u6848\u201d\uff0820th Century Knowledge 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