{"id":391,"date":"2021-08-23T17:19:03","date_gmt":"2021-08-23T09:19:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/?p=391"},"modified":"2021-08-23T17:19:03","modified_gmt":"2021-08-23T09:19:03","slug":"%e6%9c%aa%e6%9d%a5%e5%8d%81%e5%b9%b4%e8%ae%a1%e7%ae%97%e6%9c%ba%e4%bd%93%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%93%e6%9e%84%e7%9a%84%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e5%92%8c%e8%b6%8b%e5%8a%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/2021\/08\/23\/391\/","title":{"rendered":"\u672a\u6765\u5341\u5e74\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u8d8b\u52bf"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u81ea\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7 \u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a<strong>\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u65b0\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u6700\u65b0\u529b\u4f5c<\/strong>\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u5206\u4eab\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6211\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>1\u3001DSA\uff08Domain-Specific Architectures\uff0c\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u5341\u5e74\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7ed3\u675f\u3001\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u800c\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6b63\u5f53\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f4e\u6548\u6027\u5c06\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u9650\u5236\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u70b9\u3002\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f<strong>DSA<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u7684 ISA\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u9886\u57df\u7684Linux<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684 ISA\uff08Instruction Set Architecture\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u5408\u67b6\u6784\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u5904\u7406\u5668\u9886\u57df\u7684Linux\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u60f3\u8d77\u4e862021\u5e747\u670827\u65e5OCP China Day\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6f14\u64ad\u5385\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\u89c6\u9891\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u53d8\u66f4\u5feb\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/scrmtech.gensee.com\/webcast\/site\/vod\/play-798efba868b44533b00ccb5a3da1aaed\uff09\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7IT\u5927\u5634\u5df4\uff08\u5218\u7b56\uff09\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\uff0c\u56e0\u897f\u90e8\u6570\u636eBill \u5218\u603b\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\uff1a\u5f00\u653e\u8ba1\u7b97\u672a\u6765\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\uff08\u6574\u673a\u67dc\u3001\u673a\u67b6\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7ea7\uff08OAI\u3001NVMe SSD\u3001NIC 3.0\u3001DPU\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u5c06\u5728<strong>\u82af\u7247\u7ea7<\/strong>\uff08\u5982RISC-V\u3001\u82f1\u4f1f\u8fbeNVDLA\uff09\u5927\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3\u3001\u786c\u4ef6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u654f\u6377\u5f00\u53d1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u501f\u52a9\u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08ECAD\uff09\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u654f\u6377\u5f00\u53d1\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u66f4\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u91cd\u7528\u6027\u3002\u4ece\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4ea4\u4ed8\u5230\u8fd4\u56de\u82af\u7247\u539f\u6765\u9700\u8981\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u56db\u5468\u5de6\u53f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>4\u3001\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1\uff09\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08Moore&#8217;s Law\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6469\u5c14\uff08Gordon Moore\uff09\u5728 1965 \u5e74\u7684\u6700\u521d\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u79f0\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f1a\u6bcf\u5e74\u7ffb\u4e00\u756a\uff1b1975 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u9884\u8ba1\u6bcf\u4e24\u5e74\u7ffb\u4e00\u756a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2\uff09\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08Dennard scaling\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\uff08Robert Dennard\uff09\u9884\u6d4b\u968f\u7740\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u80fd\u8017\u5c06\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7845\u82af\u7247\u4e0a\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u6beb\u7c73\u4e0a\u7684\u80fd\u8017\u51e0\u4e4e\u4fdd\u6301\u6052\u5b9a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u6beb\u7c73\u7845\u82af\u7247\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u968f\u7740\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u800c\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u8282\u80fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4ece 2007 \u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u5e45\u653e\u7f13\uff0c2012 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u63a5\u8fd1\u5931\u6548\uff08\u89c1\u56fe 3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1986 \u5e74\u81f3 2002 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4\u7ea7\u5e76\u884c\uff08ILP\uff09\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u67b6\u6784\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u968f\u7740\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u80fd\u6bcf\u5e74\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8 50% \u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u52a0\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u5316\u5229\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u63a8\u6d4b\u5c06\u4ee3\u7801\u653e\u5165\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6267\u884c\u3002\u63a8\u6d4b\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f ILP \u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u82af\u7247\u4f4e\u80fd\u6548\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5206\u652f\u9884\u6d4b\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u63a8\u6d4b\u5c31\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8 ILP \u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u80fd\u8017\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u8282\u7ea6\u80fd\u8017\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5206\u652f\u9884\u6d4b\u51fa\u73b0\u5931\u8bef\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u629b\u5f03\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5176\u8ba1\u7b97\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ca\u6240\u8017\u80fd\u91cf\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ed8\u4e4b\u4e1c\u6d41\u3002\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u6062\u590d\u5230\u9519\u8bef\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u652f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u82b1\u8d39\u989d\u5916\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u901a\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u80fd\u591f\u5982\u6b64\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u652f\u3002\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u591a\u6838\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u6838\u5c06\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u884c\u6027\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u5e76\u884c\u6027\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u591a\u6838\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u7531\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7ec8\u7ed3\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u6548\u8ba1\u7b97\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6838\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u6709\u6548\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u969c\u788d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08Amdahl&#8217;s Law\uff09\u8868\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3\uff09\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08Amdahl&#8217;s Law\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>IBM360\u7cfb\u5217\u673a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u4e8e1967\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u90e8\u4ef6\u91c7\u7528\u66f4\u5feb\u6267\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6240\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6267\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9891\u7387\uff0c\u6216\u6240\u5360\u603b\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u91c7\u53d6\u589e\u5f3a\uff08\u52a0\u901f\uff09\u67d0\u90e8\u5206\u529f\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u540e\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u6216\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u6bd4\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u52a0\u901f\u662f\u7531\u6162\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u4ef6\u6240\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u66fe\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56fa\u5b9a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u6548\u679c\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u6bd4s\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u516c\u5f0f\uff1aS=1\/(1-a+a\/n)<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0ca\u4e3a\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u5360\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0cn\u4e3a\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u7ed3\u70b9\u4e2a\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f531-a=0\u65f6\uff0c(\u5373\u6ca1\u6709\u4e32\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5e76\u884c)\u6700\u5927\u52a0\u901f\u6bd4s=n\uff1b\u5f53a=0\u65f6\uff08\u5373\u53ea\u6709\u4e32\u884c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5e76\u884c\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u5c0f\u52a0\u901f\u6bd4s=1\uff1b\u5f53n\u2192\u221e\u65f6\uff0c\u6781\u9650\u52a0\u901f\u6bd4s\u2192 1\/\uff081-a\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u52a0\u901f\u6bd4\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82e5\u4e32\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5360\u6574\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u768425%\uff0c\u5219\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8a00\u5f52\u6b63\u4f20\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u65b0\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u6700\u65b0\u529b\u4f5c\u300b\u5168\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;\u8f6c\u8f7d\u5f00\u59cb&#8212;<\/p>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-id=\"85660\" data-custom=\"rgb(117, 117, 118)\" data-color=\"rgb(117, 117, 118)\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section data-id=\"85660\" data-custom=\"rgb(117, 117, 118)\" data-color=\"rgb(117, 117, 118)\">\n<section>\u9009\u81eaCommunications of ACM<\/p>\n<section data-style=\"white-space: normal; text-align: left;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(12, 12, 12);\"><strong>\u4f5c\u8005: John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u5fc3\u7f16\u8bd1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<blockquote><p>John Hennessy \u548c David Patterson \u662f 2017 \u5e74\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u4f9b\u804c\u4e8e\u8c37\u6b4c\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u8c37\u6b4c\u6bcd\u516c\u53f8 Alphabet \u7684\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4efb\u8c37\u6b4c\u6770\u51fa\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u540c\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u5b66\u79d1\u300c\u5723\u7ecf\u300d\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u4e86\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img_loading\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\" data-ratio=\"0.6663763066202091\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1148\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/KmXPKA19gWibo16dqhfLOMSjHvUtEUUuojRV48X0VicGYhgt56D93vjYlxEMSlYdRklLwYA0UmNEVtU2menDv8bQ\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u65b0\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u662f\u4e24\u4eba\u5728 2019 \u5e74\u65b0\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5b8c\u6574\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u82af\u7247\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u672a\u6765\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u4e86\u89e3\u786c\u4ef6\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img_loading\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\" data-ratio=\"0.255524861878453\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1448\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/KmXPKA19gWibo16dqhfLOMSjHvUtEUUuoduic9EHsUsB2lf4Kpb6ibicZsuWVibbBzhw18Z688qba1QbLCj6wyI8ckQ\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe\u6ce8\uff1a2019 \u5e74 2 \u6708\u520a\u53d1<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2018 \u5e74 6 \u6708 4 \u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u81ea 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff08Turing Lecture\uff09\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u5728\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u96be\u9898\u548c\u672a\u6765\u673a\u9047\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u5341\u5e74\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u9886\u57df\u5c06\u8fce\u6765\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 80 \u5e74\u4ee3\u90a3\u6837\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u80fd<strong>\u6539\u5584\u6210\u672c\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u80fd<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u94ed\u8bb0\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4eba\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u91cd\u8e48\u8986\u8f99\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014George Santayana\uff0c1905<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-395\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-29.jpg\" width=\"224\" height=\"119\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e0e\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u67b6\u6784\uff08ISA\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u5728 1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0cIBM \u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u4e92\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4ea7\u54c1\u7ebf\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 ISA\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5806\u6808\u3001I\/O \u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5229\u57fa\u5e02\u573a\uff08\u5206\u522b\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u79d1\u7814\u548c\u5b9e\u65f6\u5e94\u7528\uff09\u3002\u5305\u62ec ACM \u56fe\u7075\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005 Fred Brooks, Jr. \u5728\u5185\u7684 IBM \u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u7edf\u4e00\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u56db\u79cd ISA \u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5355\u4e2a ISA\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u8ba9\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684 8 \u4f4d\u6570\u636e\u8def\u5f84\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0e\u9ad8\u901f\u7684 64 \u4f4d\u6570\u636e\u8def\u5f84\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u90fd\u80fd\u5171\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a ISA\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u300c\u8eab\u4f53\u300d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u4f46\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u300c\u53d8\u5bbd\u300d\u6216\u300c\u53d8\u7a84\u300d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u65f6\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u96be\u9898\u662f\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u300c\u5927\u8111\u300d\u2014\u2014\u63a7\u5236\u786c\u4ef6\u3002\u53d7\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5148\u9a71\u548c\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005 Maurice Wilkes \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7b80\u5316\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u63a7\u5236\u53ef\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8c\u7ef4\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u300c\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff08control store\uff09\u300d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5217\u90fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u6761\u63a7\u5236\u7ebf\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\uff08microinstruction\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u7f16\u5199\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u5219\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5fae\u7f16\u7a0b\uff08microprogramming\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7f16\u5199\u7684 ISA \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c4\u6307\u4ee4\u9700\u8981\u591a\u4e2a\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u5b58\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u6210\u672c\u6bd4\u903b\u8f91\u95e8\u8981\u4f4e\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8868 1 \u5217\u51fa\u4e86 IBM \u5728 1964 \u5e74 4 \u6708 7 \u65e5\u5ba3\u5e03\u7684\u65b0 System\/360 ISA \u7684 4 \u79cd\u578b\u53f7\u3002\u6570\u636e\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8303\u56f4\u6709 8 \u500d\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\u5bb9\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8303\u56f4\u6709 16 \u500d\uff0c\u65f6\u949f\u9891\u7387\u662f 4 \u500d\uff0c\u6027\u80fd\u662f 50 \u500d\uff0c\u6210\u672c\u63a5\u8fd1 6 \u500d\u3002\u6210\u672c\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u6700\u5bbd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8def\u5f84\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u591a\u63a7\u5236\u7ebf\u3002\u6210\u672c\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u56e0\u4e3a\u786c\u4ef6\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u800c\u6709\u66f4\u7a84\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u949f\u5468\u671f\u6765\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a System\/360 \u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img_loading\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\" data-ratio=\"0.41234084231145934\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1021\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/KmXPKA19gWibo16dqhfLOMSjHvUtEUUuosbjA3mq6ib6CPqcPP44wHafiaDiadkto0ykRJuLMX05FHSodIicGDDhMqw\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u8868 1\uff1aIBM System\/360 \u7cfb\u5217\u56db\u4e2a\u578b\u53f7\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1bIPS \u8868\u793a\u6bcf\u79d2\u6267\u884c\u6307\u4ee4\u6570\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5fae\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0cIBM \u5c06\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u672a\u6765\u62bc\u5728\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b3e\u65b0 ISA \u4e0a\uff0c\u5bc4\u5e0c\u671b\u5176\u80fd\u9769\u65b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3a IBM \u8d62\u5f97\u56de\u62a5\u3002IBM \u6210\u529f\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e02\u573a\uff0cIBM \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5927\u578b\u673a\u540e\u88d4\u5728\u63a8\u51fa\u00a0<strong>55 \u5e74<\/strong>\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u6bcf\u5e74\u521b\u9020\u7740 100 \u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6536\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u53cd\u590d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e02\u573a\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u5224\u5b9a\u5404\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u9274\u4e8e\u67b6\u6784\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u7cfb\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u624d\u80fd\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u67b6\u6784\u521b\u65b0\u662f\u5426\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5f00\u53d1\u6295\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\uff0cCISC\uff0c432\uff0c8086\uff0cIBM PC<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\u65f6\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u610f\u5473\u7740\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u5927\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684 ISA\u3002\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\u8bbe\u5907\u516c\u53f8\uff08Digital Equipment Corp.\uff09\u5728 1977 \u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\u7684 VAX-11\/780 \u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e3a 5120 \u5b57\u00d796 \u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u524d\u4e00\u4ee3\u4ec5\u6709 256 \u5b57\u00d7 56 \u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u67d0\u4e9b\u5236\u9020\u5546\u9009\u62e9\u5f00\u653e\u5fae\u7f16\u7a0b\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8ba9\u9009\u5b9a\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u80fd\u6dfb\u52a0\u5b9a\u5236\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u300c\u53ef\u5199\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff08WCS\uff09\u300d\u3002\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684 WCS \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f Alto\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b Chuck Thacker \u548c Butler Lampson \u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u4e8e 1973 \u5e74\u4e00\u8d77\u4e3a\u65bd\u4e50\uff08Xerox\uff09\u5e15\u6d1b\u963f\u6258\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b3e\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff08PC\uff09\uff0c\u914d\u5907\u6709\u9996\u6b3e\u4f4d\u6620\u50cf\u663e\u793a\u5668\uff08bit-mapped display\uff09\u548c\u9996\u4e2a\u4ee5\u592a\u7f51\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u3002\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5168\u65b0\u663e\u793a\u5668\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u662f\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a 4096 \u5b57\u00d732 \u4f4d WCS \u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u7684 8080\uff09\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e 8 \u4f4d\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u4e92\u76f8\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u6765\u8d76\u8d85\u5f7c\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\u793a\u4f8b\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u6469\u5c14\uff08Gordon Moore\uff09\u76f8\u4fe1\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3 ISA \u5c06\u4f1a\u4f34\u968f\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u7684\u4e00\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8058\u7528\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u806a\u660e\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u9001\u5230\u6ce2\u7279\u5170\u53bb\u53d1\u660e\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3 ISA\u3002\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u6700\u65e9\u547d\u540d\u4e3a 8800 \u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u9879\u76ee\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u4ee3\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4e5f\u662f 1980 \u5e74\u4ee3\u6700\u6709\u91ce\u5fc3\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u6709\u57fa\u4e8e 32 \u4f4d\u7684\u5bfb\u5740\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u3001\u4f4d\u957f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u65f6\u65b0\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00 Ada \u7f16\u5199\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u60dc\u8fd9\u4e2a\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u665a\u4e86\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u5728\u5723\u514b\u62c9\u62c9\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u7d27\u6025\u66ff\u6362\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728 1979 \u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6b3e 16 \u4f4d\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u7ed9\u4e86\u65b0\u56e2\u961f 52 \u5468\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u300c8086\u300dISA \u4ee5\u53ca\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u82af\u7247\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u65e5\u7a0b\u7d27\u8feb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u628a 8080 \u7684 8 \u4f4d\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u548c\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u6269\u5c55\u6210\u4e86 16 \u4f4d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53ea\u7528 10 \u4eba\u6b21\u7684 3 \u4e2a\u5e38\u89c4\u5de5\u4f5c\u5468\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b3e ISA \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u6309\u65f6\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86 8086 \u7684\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u53d1\u5e03\u65f6\u5374\u6ca1\u5f15\u8d77\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u975e\u5e38\u5e78\u8fd0\uff0cIBM \u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u6b3e\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u4e0e Apple II \u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5e76\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u6b3e 16 \u4f4d\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002IBM \u4e4b\u524d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f Motorola 68000\uff0c\u5176 ISA \u4e0e IBM 360 \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u843d\u540e\u4e8e IBM \u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002IBM \u8f6c\u800c\u4f7f\u7528 8086 \u7684 8 \u4f4d\u603b\u7ebf\u7248\u672c\u3002IBM \u5728 1981 \u5e74 8 \u6708 12 \u65e5\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b3e PC\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5230 1986 \u5e74\u65f6\u80fd\u552e\u51fa 25 \u4e07\u53f0\u3002\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5168\u7403\u552e\u51fa\u4e86 1 \u4ebf\u53f0\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6b3e\u7d27\u6025\u4ee3\u6362\u7684\u82f1\u7279\u5c14 ISA \u94fa\u57ab\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5149\u660e\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u539f\u672c\u7684 8800 \u9879\u76ee\u66f4\u540d\u4e86\u4e3a iAPX-432\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5728 1981 \u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u591a\u5757\u82af\u7247\u5e76\u4e14\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u5728 1986 \u5e74\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u5728 80386 \u4e2d\u5bf9 16 \u4f4d 8086 ISA \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4ece 16 \u4f4d\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86 32 \u4f4d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3 ISA \u786e\u5b9e\u4f1a\u548c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u4e00\u6837\u957f\u5bff\uff0c\u4f46\u5e02\u573a\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u7d27\u6025\u4ee3\u6362\u7684 8086\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u7cbe\u5fc3\u5f00\u53d1\u7684 432\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Motorola 68000 \u548c iAPX-432 \u4e24\u8005\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u90fd\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u5e02\u573a\u5f80\u5f80\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8010\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u5230\u7cbe\u7b80\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1980 \u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u66f4\u5927\u578b\u63a7\u5236\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e2d\u5927\u578b\u5fae\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff08CISC\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u3002Unix \u8868\u660e\u5373\u4f7f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00\u7f16\u5199\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u968f\u4e4b\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u300c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u6307\u4ee4\uff1f\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u7f16\u7a0b\u8005\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u6c47\u7f16\u8bed\u8a00\uff1f\u300d\u3002\u786c\u4ef6\/\u8f6f\u4ef6\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u663e\u8457\u6539\u8fdb\u4e3a\u67b6\u6784\u521b\u65b0\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b John Cocke \u4e0e\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u4e3a\u5c0f\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684 ISA \u548c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u91cd\u65b0\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\uff1a\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528 IBM 360 ISA \u4e2d\u7b80\u5355\u7684 register-register \u64cd\u4f5c\u548c load-store \u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\u65f6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u53ef\u5feb\u8fbe\u4e09\u500d\u3002Emer \u548c Clark \u53d1\u73b0 VAX \u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d 20% \u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u9700\u8981 60% \u7684\u5fae\u4ee3\u7801\uff08microcode\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec5\u5360\u636e 0.2% \u7684\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>David Patterson \u628a\u5728 DEC \u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u5b66\u672f\u4f11\u5047\u6295\u5165\u5230\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u51cf\u5c11 VAX \u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5236\u9020\u5546\u9075\u5faa\u66f4\u5927\u578b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684 CISC ISA \u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5219\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u4fee\u590d\u5fae\u4ee3\u7801\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3a\u6b64\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u671f\u520a\u300aComputer\u300b\u5374\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u6536\u3002\u5ba1\u7a3f\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u6b64\u590d\u6742\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u8865\u7684 ISA \u5f00\u53d1\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u662f\u5f88\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u62d2\u7a3f\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u8d28\u7591 CISC ISA \u5728\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3 CISC \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b\u5fae\u4ee3\u7801\u4fee\u590d\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u88ab\u62d2\u7a3f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u542f\u53d1\u4ed6\u4e3a\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5f00\u53d1\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684 ISA\u2014\u2014<strong>\u7cbe\u7b80\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff08RISC\uff09<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5411\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\u4e3a CISC \u5411 RISC \u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0cRISC \u6307\u4ee4\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7b80\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u9700\u5fae\u4ee3\u7801\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u3002RISC \u6307\u4ee4\u901a\u5e38\u548c\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u4e00\u6837\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6267\u884c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u7528\u4e8e CISC ISA \u7684\u5fae\u4ee3\u7801\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u5185\u5b58\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u4e86 RISC \u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u3002\uff08<strong>\u7f13\u5b58\u662f\u5c0f\u800c\u5feb\u7684\u5185\u5b58<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e34\u65f6\u7f13\u51b2\u8fd1\u671f\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e Gregory Chaitin \u56fe\u7740\u8272\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u5206\u914d\u5668\u4f7f\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u6709\u6548\u4f7f\u7528\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b register-register ISA \u662f\u6709\u5229\u7684\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u610f\u5473\u7740 1980 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5355\u5757\u82af\u7247\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u8db3\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u5b8c\u6574 32 \u4f4d\u6570\u636e\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u6570\u636e\u7f13\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u540e PC \u65f6\u4ee3\uff0cx86 \u7684\u51fa\u8d27\u91cf\u4ece 2011 \u5e74\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\u7ea6 10%\uff0c\u800c RISC \u5904\u7406\u5668\u82af\u7247\u51fa\u8d27\u91cf\u5df2\u7ecf\u6fc0\u589e\u5230\u4e86 200 \u4ebf\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u56fe 1 \u5c55\u793a\u4e86 RISC-I \u548c MIPS \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u7531 UC \u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u548c\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5728 1982 \u4e0e 1983 \u5e74\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86 RISC \u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u82af\u7247\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u5c55\u793a\u5728\u4e86\u9876\u5c16\u7535\u8def\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373 1984 \u5e74\u7684 IEEE \u56fd\u9645\u56fa\u6001\u7535\u8def\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u548c\u65af\u5766\u798f\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u80fd\u6784\u5efa\u8d85\u8d8a\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0a\u80fd\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-397\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-30.jpg\" width=\"1021\" height=\"495\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-30.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-30-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-30-768x372.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1021px) 100vw, 1021px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 1\uff1a\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821 RISC-1 \u548c\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66 MIPS \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u82af\u7247\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u516c\u53f8\u6784\u5efa RISC \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u90a3\u4e4b\u540e 15 \u5e74\u5185\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u82af\u7247\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Time\/Program = Instructions \/ Program x (Clock cycles) \/ Instruction x Time \/ (Clock cycle)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>DEC \u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u540e\u6765\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684 CISC ISA \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u6570\u662f RISC \u6bcf\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684 75%\uff08\u4e0a\u5f0f\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6280\u672f\u65f6\uff0cCISC \u6267\u884c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\u8981\u591a\u6d88\u8017 5 \u5230 6 \u4e2a\u65f6\u949f\u5468\u671f\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9879\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97 RISC \u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5927\u7ea6\u5feb\u4e86 3 \u500d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa 80 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u5728 1989 \u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u67b6\u6784\uff1a\u91cf\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u5b50\u6807\u9898\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u57fa\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5316\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u4ece\u524d\u90a3\u6837\u4f9d\u9760\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b Donald Knuth \u5173\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u4e66\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>VLIW\u3001EPIC\u3001Itanium<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a ISA \u521b\u65b0\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5bf9 RISC \u548c CISC \u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u3002\u8d85\u957f\u6307\u4ee4\u5b57\uff08VLIW\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u300c\u8868\u4eb2\u300d\u663e\u5f0f\u5e76\u884c\u6307\u4ee4\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff08EPIC\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5bbd\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5728\u6bcf\u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d\u6346\u7ed1\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002VLIW \u548c EPIC \u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u5f53\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5355\u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u516d\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u3001\u4e24\u4e2a\u6574\u578b\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d6e\u70b9\u64cd\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5c06\u64cd\u4f5c\u5206\u914d\u5230\u516d\u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\u69fd\uff0c\u5219\u786c\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u4e0e RISC \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\uff0cVLIW \u548c EPIC \u5c06\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ece\u786c\u4ef6\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u548c\u60e0\u666e\u516c\u53f8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u6b3e\u57fa\u4e8e EPIC \u7406\u5ff5\u7684 64 \u4f4d\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3 32 \u4f4d x86\u3002\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u548c\u60e0\u666e\u516c\u53f8\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b3e EPIC \u5904\u7406\u5668\uff08Itanium\uff09\u7684\u671f\u671b\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0e\u5f00\u53d1\u5546\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u58f0\u660e\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u867d\u7136 EPIC \u65b9\u6cd5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7684\u6d6e\u70b9\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5c11\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u4e22\u5931\u6216\u8f83\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u652f\u7684\u6574\u578b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Donald Knuth \u540e\u6765\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300cItanium \u65b9\u6cd5&#8230;&#8230; \u539f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u975e\u5e38\u8d5e\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\u6240\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u300d\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230 Itanium \u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u8868\u73b0\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5e76\u501f\u9274\u6cf0\u5766\u5c3c\u514b\u53f7\u4e8b\u4ef6\u91cd\u65b0\u5c06\u5176\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u300cItanic\u300d\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u518d\u6b21\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4 64 \u4f4d\u7248\u672c\u7684 x86 \u6210\u4e3a 32 \u4f4d x86 \u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f Itanium\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\u6d88\u606f\u662f VLIW \u4ecd\u7136\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8f83\u7a84\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5206\u652f\u548c\u7701\u7565\u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6570\u5b57\u4fe1\u53f7\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>PC \u548c\u540e PC \u65f6\u4ee3\u7684 RISC vs. CISC<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>AMD \u548c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 500 \u4eba\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u56e2\u961f\u548c\u9876\u5c16\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u6765\u51cf\u5c11 x86 \u548c RISC \u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u518d\u6b21\u53d7\u5230\u7b80\u5355\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf vs \u590d\u6742\u6307\u4ee4\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4\u89e3\u7801\u5668\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u7684 x86 \u6307\u4ee4\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4f3c RSIC \u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u7136\u540e AMD \u548c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u5c06 RISC \u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u5316\u3002RISC \u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u80fd\u5206\u79bb\u6307\u4ee4\u3001\u6570\u636e\u7f13\u5b58\u3001\u82af\u7247\u4e8c\u7ea7\u7f13\u5b58\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540c\u65f6\u83b7\u53d6\u548c\u6267\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5728 x86 \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u3002AMD \u548c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u5728 2011 \u5e74 PC \u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5dc5\u5cf0\u671f\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6 3 \u4ebf 5 \u5343\u4e07\u4e2a\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002PC \u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u9ad8\u4ea7\u91cf\u548c\u4f4e\u5229\u6da6\u540c\u6837\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bd4 RISC \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9274\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5e74\u5168\u7403\u9500\u552e\u7684\u6570\u4ebf\u53f0 PC\uff0cPC \u8f6f\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u867d\u7136 Unix \u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5546\u4e1a RISC ISA-Alpha\u3001HP-PA\u3001MIPS\u3001Power \u548c SPARC \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4f46 PC \u5e02\u573a\u5374\u4eab\u6709\u5355\u4e00\u7684 ISA\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1\u5546\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u300c\u6536\u7f29\u5305\u88c5\u300d\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0e x86 ISA \u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u517c\u5bb9\u30022000 \u5e74\uff0c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4f7f x86 \u5728\u53f0\u5f0f\u673a\u548c\u5c0f\u578b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f9\u679c\u516c\u53f8\u5728 2007 \u5e74\u5e2e\u52a9\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u540e PC \u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<strong>\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u516c\u53f8<\/strong>\u4e0d\u518d\u8d2d\u4e70\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u91c7\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08\u5305\u62ec ARM \u7684 RISC \u5904\u7406\u5668\uff09\u6784\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u82af\u7247\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08SoC\uff09<\/strong>\u3002\u79fb\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u82af\u7247\u9762\u79ef\u548c\u80fd\u6548\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u8868\u660e CISC ISA \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u5230\u6765\u5927\u5927\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u82af\u7247\u5c3a\u5bf8\u3001\u529f\u7387\u3001\u6210\u672c\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6743\u8861\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6210\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4f7f CISC \u5904\u7406\u5668\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5229\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u540e PC \u65f6\u4ee3\uff0cx86 \u51fa\u8d27\u91cf\u81ea 2011 \u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u5cf0\u503c\u4ee5\u6765\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e0b\u964d\u8fd1 10\uff05\uff0c\u800c<strong>\u91c7\u7528 RISC \u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u82af\u7247\u5219\u98d9\u5347\u81f3 200 \u4ebf<\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c<strong>99\uff05\u7684 32 \u4f4d\u548c 64 \u4f4d\u5904\u7406\u5668\u90fd\u662f RISC<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u675f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5e02\u573a\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86 RISC-CISC \u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002CISC \u8d62\u5f97\u4e86 PC \u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u540e\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f46 RISC \u6b63\u5728\u540e PC \u65f6\u4ee3\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u65b0\u7684 CISC ISA\u3002\u4ee4\u6211\u4eec\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u63a8\u51fa 35 \u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5bf9\u4e8e\u901a\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u7684 ISA \u4ecd\u7136\u662f RISC\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5904\u7406\u5668\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u6311\u6218<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u300c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u89e3\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u4e0d\u6210\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002\u300d\u2014Shimon Peres<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u524d\u9762\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u805a\u7126\u5728\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u67b6\u6784\uff08ISA\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u5e76\u4e0d\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b0\u7684 ISA\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u73b0\u6709\u7684 ISA\u3002\u81ea 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 70 \u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u91d1\u5c5e\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\uff08MOS\uff09\u7684\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f n \u578b\u91d1\u5c5e\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\uff08nMOS\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f<strong>\u4e92\u8865\u91d1\u5c5e\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\uff08CMOS\uff09<\/strong>\u3002\u6469\u5c14\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\u6355\u6349\u5230\u7684 MOS \u6280\u672f\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u7387\u4e00\u76f4\u4fc3\u4f7f\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u8bbe\u8ba1\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u4e3a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684 ISP \u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u5728 1965 \u5e74\u7684\u6700\u521d\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u79f0\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f1a\u6bcf\u5e74\u7ffb\u4e00\u756a\uff1b1975 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u9884\u8ba1\u6bcf\u4e24\u5e74\u7ffb\u4e00\u756a\u3002\u8be5\u9884\u6d4b\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5448\u4e8c\u6b21\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u800c\u589e\u957f\u7387\u5448\u7ebf\u6027\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u591a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5df2\u7ecf\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff08\u89c1\u56fe 2\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5728 2000 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u7f13\u3002\u5230\u4e86 2018 \u5e74\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u5f53\u4e0b\u5b9e\u9645\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u4e86 15 \u500d\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u524d\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5dee\u8ddd\u5c06\u6301\u7eed\u62c9\u5927\uff0c<strong>\u56e0\u4e3a CMOS \u6280\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a5\u8fd1\u6781\u9650<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img_loading\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\" data-ratio=\"0.5328109696376102\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1021\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/KmXPKA19gWibo16dqhfLOMSjHvUtEUUuoPLicuy6Rf3q47VKnd8ZJZzqGt4gvDdCibuxsF51vGRXVSyDS5wNNUYPw\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 2. \u6bcf\u4e2a\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6570\u91cf vs. \u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u4f34\u968f\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u7531\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\uff08Robert Dennard\uff09\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08<strong>Dennard scaling<\/strong>\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u80fd\u8017\u5c06\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7845\u82af\u7247\u4e0a\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u6beb\u7c73\u4e0a\u7684\u80fd\u8017\u51e0\u4e4e\u4fdd\u6301\u6052\u5b9a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u6beb\u7c73\u7845\u82af\u7247\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u968f\u7740\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u800c\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u8282\u80fd\u3002\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4ece 2007 \u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u5e45\u653e\u7f13\uff0c<strong>2012 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u63a5\u8fd1\u5931\u6548<\/strong>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe 3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-398\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-31.jpg\" width=\"1021\" height=\"503\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-31.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-31-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-31-768x378.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1021px) 100vw, 1021px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 3. \u6bcf\u4e2a\u82af\u7247\u4e0a\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u53ca\u6bcf<strong>\u5e73\u65b9\u6beb\u7c73<\/strong>\u7684\u80fd\u8017\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u5907\u6ce8\uff1a2022\u5e74\u82af\u7247\u529f\u8017\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7ea6440\u74e6\/\u5e73\u65b9\u5398\u7c73<\/p>\n<p>1986 \u5e74\u81f3 2002 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4\u7ea7\u5e76\u884c\uff08ILP\uff09\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u67b6\u6784\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u968f\u7740\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u80fd\u6bcf\u5e74\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8 50% \u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u52a0\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u5316\u5229\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 ILP \u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u82af\u7247\u80fd\u6548\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4e00\u770b ARM\u3001\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u3001AMD \u5f53\u524d\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6838\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u8be5\u82af\u7247\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a 15 \u6b65\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u949f\u5468\u671f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u9001 4 \u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e2d\u81f3\u591a\u6709 60 \u6761\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u7ea6 15 \u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6 25% \u7684\u6267\u884c\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u63a8\u6d4b\u5c06\u4ee3\u7801\u653e\u5165\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6267\u884c\u3002\u63a8\u6d4b\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f ILP \u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u82af\u7247\u4f4e\u80fd\u6548\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5206\u652f\u9884\u6d4b\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u63a8\u6d4b\u5c31\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8 ILP \u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u80fd\u8017\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u8282\u7ea6\u80fd\u8017\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5206\u652f\u9884\u6d4b\u51fa\u73b0\u5931\u8bef\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u629b\u5f03\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5176\u8ba1\u7b97\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ca\u6240\u8017\u80fd\u91cf\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ed8\u4e4b\u4e1c\u6d41\u3002\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u6062\u590d\u5230\u9519\u8bef\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u652f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u82b1\u8d39\u989d\u5916\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6311\u6218\u6027\u6709\u591a\u9ad8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b\u6b63\u786e\u9884\u6d4b 15 \u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u8981\u5c06\u505a\u65e0\u7528\u529f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u5728 10%\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5728 99.3% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u6b63\u786e\u9884\u6d4b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u3002\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u901a\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u80fd\u591f\u5982\u6b64\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u9884\u6d4b\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e0\u7528\u529f\u53e0\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe 4 \u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u56fe 4 \u663e\u793a\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u6267\u884c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u6307\u4ee4\u7531\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5668\u63a8\u6d4b\u9519\u8bef\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u7528\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u9177\u777f i7 \u57fa\u51c6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0a\uff0c19% \u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u90fd\u88ab\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u80fd\u8017\u7684\u6d6a\u8d39\u60c5\u51b5\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u5229\u7528\u989d\u5916\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u63a8\u6d4b\u5931\u8bef\u65f6\u6062\u590d\u539f\u6765\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u4e8e\u662f<strong>\u591a\u6838\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u8bde\u751f\u4e86<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img_loading\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\" data-ratio=\"0.4863013698630137\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1022\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/KmXPKA19gWibo16dqhfLOMSjHvUtEUUuotVNP1hZuVRLVYa6ZXia4JYQ0MRaAaZlkRS4xLibAx4ZYiaQBmVgn5rY3A\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 4. \u5728\u5404\u79cd SPEC \u6574\u578b\u6570\u57fa\u51c6\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u9177\u777f i7 \u6d6a\u8d39\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u5360\u5b8c\u6210\u6307\u4ee4\u603b\u6570\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u6838\u5c06\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u884c\u6027\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u5e76\u884c\u6027\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u591a\u6838\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u7531\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7ec8\u7ed3\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u6548\u8ba1\u7b97\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6838\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u6709\u6548\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u969c\u788d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08<strong>Amdahl&#8217;s Law<\/strong>\uff09\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u7406<strong>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u5e8f\u5217\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe 5\u3002\u56fe\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e32\u884c\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5904\u4e8e\u6d3b\u8dc3\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0e\u5355\u4e2a\u5185\u6838\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6700\u591a 64 \u4e2a\u5185\u6838\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u8981\u5feb\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<strong>\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6709 1% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e32\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 64 \u6838\u914d\u7f6e\u53ef\u52a0\u901f\u5927\u7ea6 35 \u500d<\/strong>\uff0c\u6240\u9700\u80fd\u91cf\u4e0e 64 \u4e2a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5927\u7ea6\u6709 45% \u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u88ab\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-399\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-32.jpg\" width=\"1022\" height=\"604\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-32.jpg 1022w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-32-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-32-768x454.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 5. \u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u949f\u5468\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u4e32\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5bf9\u52a0\u901f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u5907\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ece\u4e0a\u56fe\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709 8% \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4e32\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 64 \u6838\u914d\u7f6e\u4ec5\u53ef\u52a0\u901f 10\u500d\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u60f3\u8be6\u7ec6\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u7ed3\u5408\u6587\u7ae0\u5f00\u5934\u00a0\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u516c\u5f0fS=1\/(1-a+a\/n)\u00a0\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1%\u7684\u4e32\u884c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740a=0.99\uff1bn\u662f\u5e76\u884c\u6570<\/p>\n<p>\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u5f53\u7136\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u4ef6\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5468\u671f\u6027\u901a\u4fe1\u548c\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u7528\u5177\u5907\u4ec5\u53ef\u9ad8\u6548\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0 50 \u591a\u5e74\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c<strong>\u82af\u7247\u5185\u6838\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u610f\u5473\u7740\u80fd\u8017\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u589e\u52a0<\/strong>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u7535\u80fd\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4f1a\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u70ed\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u591a\u6838\u5904\u7406\u5668\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u70ed\u8017\u6563\u529f\u7387\uff08TDP\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5c01\u88c5\u548c\u51b7\u5374\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u79fb\u9664\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u529f\u7387\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7aef\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u548c\u51b7\u5374\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7528\u6237\u60f3\u8981\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u684c\u5b50\u4e0a\u653e\u7f6e\u5c0f\u578b\u70ed\u4ea4\u6362\u5668\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u80cc\u7740\u6563\u70ed\u5668\u6765\u51b7\u5374\u624b\u673a\u3002TDP \u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u300c\u6697\u7845\u300d\uff08dark silicon\uff09\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c<strong>\u5904\u7406\u5668\u964d\u4f4e\u65f6\u949f\u901f\u7387\u3001\u5173\u95ed\u7a7a\u95f2\u5185\u6838\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u8fc7\u70ed\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u82af\u7247\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u5176\u73cd\u8d35\u529f\u8017\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4ece\u7a7a\u95f2\u5185\u6838\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5185\u6838<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7ed3\u675f\u3001\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u800c\u963f\u59c6\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6b63\u5f53\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f4e\u6548\u6027\u5c06\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u9650\u5236\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u70b9\uff08\u89c1\u56fe 6\uff09\u3002\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\uff08\u50cf 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u516b\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u90a3\u6837\uff09\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u80fd\u66f4\u52a0\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u5229\u7528\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7f3a\u9677\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u56de\u6765\u63a2\u8ba8\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-400\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-33.jpg\" width=\"1021\" height=\"666\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-33.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-33-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-33-768x501.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1021px) 100vw, 1021px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 6\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6574\u578b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\uff08SPECintCPU\uff09\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b89\u5168<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>20 \u4e16\u7eaa 70 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u4e3b\u8981\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u73af\u3001\u5bb9\u91cf\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u6df1\u523b\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206 bug \u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u67b6\u6784\u652f\u6301\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u826f\u6027\u73af\u5883\uff08\u5982\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u5907\u8f83\u5927\u5f00\u9500\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u672a\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8f6f\u4ef6\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fae\u5185\u6838\uff08microkernel\uff09\u7b49\u6b63\u5f0f\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6280\u672f\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6784\u5efa\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u9a71\u52a8\u5668\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6b64\u7c7b\u6280\u672f\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ddf\u4e0a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u578b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5b89\u5168\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u6d77\u91cf\u5728\u7ebf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u4e91\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u627e\u5230\u5229\u7528\u5e76\u884c\u5316\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u7b49\u5f88\u665a\u624d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u865a\u62df\u673a\u548c\u52a0\u5bc6\u63d0\u4f9b\u786c\u4ef6\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u63a8\u6d4b\u7ed9\u8bb8\u591a\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u77e5\u4f46\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0cMeltdown \u548c Spectre \u5b89\u5168\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7ed9\u5fae\u67b6\u6784\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4f7f\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u4fe1\u606f\u906d\u5230\u6cc4\u9732\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6f0f\u6d1e\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u65c1\u8def\u653b\u51fb\u30022018 \u5e74\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u4e0d\u5c06\u4ee3\u7801\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528 Spectre \u53d8\u4f53\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f51\u7edc\u4fe1\u606f\u6cc4\u9732\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u6b21\u540d\u4e3a NetSpectre \u7684\u653b\u51fb\u6cc4\u9732\u4fe1\u606f\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u6162\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4f7f\u540c\u4e00\u5c40\u57df\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u673a\u5668\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002\u865a\u62df\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f Foreshadow\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4e13\u95e8\u4fdd\u62a4\u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5982\u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u94a5\uff09\u7684\u82f1\u7279\u5c14 SGX \u5b89\u5168\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6708\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65c1\u8def\u653b\u51fb\u5e76\u975e\u65b0\u9c9c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u65c1\u8def\u653b\u51fb\u6210\u529f\u7684\u662f\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u800c\u5728 Meltdown\u3001Spectre \u7b49\u653b\u51fb\u4e2d\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u5bfc\u81f4\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u4fe1\u606f\u6cc4\u9732\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5904\u7406\u5668\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f ISA \u6b63\u786e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u5e76\u672a\u63d0\u53ca\u6267\u884c\u6307\u4ee4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca ISA-visible \u6267\u884c\u67b6\u6784\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u5bf9 ISA \u6b63\u786e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u6b64\u7c7b\u5b89\u5168\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4fa7\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u4e00\u9053\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u52a0\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\uff09\u90fd\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4f9d\u8d56\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5982\u5bf9\u4e00\u6d41\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u672a\u6765\u673a\u9047<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u673a\u9047\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u300e\u65e0\u89e3\u95ee\u9898\u300f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u300d\u2014\u2014John Gardner, 1965<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u901a\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u4f4e\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5904\u7406\u5668\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ef4\u6301\u901a\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u663e\u8457\u6027\u80fd\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u6539\u8fdb\u6027\u80fd\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u95ee\uff1a\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6709\u6548\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f88\u660e\u786e\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u628a\u4e8c\u8005\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u5219\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6784\u5efa\u6280\u672f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u5177\u5907\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u6267\u884c\u901a\u5e38\u975e\u5e38\u4f4e\u6548\u3002Leiserson \u7b49\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4f8b\u5b50\uff08\u6267\u884c\u77e9\u9635\u76f8\u4e58\uff09\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f4e\u6548\u6027\u3002\u5982\u56fe 7 \u6240\u793a\uff0c<strong>\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06 Python \u8bed\u8a00\u4ee3\u7801\u91cd\u5199\u4e3a C \u4ee3\u7801\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347 46 \u500d<\/strong>\uff08Python \u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u8bed\u8a00\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5728\u591a\u6838\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u5e76\u884c\u5faa\u73af<\/strong>\uff08parallel loops\uff09\u53c8<strong>\u5c06\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u63a5\u8fd1 7 \u500d<\/strong>\u3002<strong>\u4f18\u5316\u5185\u5b58\u914d\u7f6e\u53c8\u5c06\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u8fd1 19 \u500d<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c<strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u6307\u4ee4\u591a\u6570\u636e\uff08SIMD\uff09\u5e76\u884c\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong>\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\u6267\u884c 16 \u4e2a 32-bit \u8fd0\u7b97\uff09\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u6269\u5c55\uff0c<strong>\u6027\u80fd\u53c8\u63d0\u5347\u4e86 8 \u500d\u591a<\/strong>\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f18\u5316\u7248\u672c\u5728\u591a\u6838\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u662f\u521d\u59cb Python \u7248\u672c\u7684 62,000 \u591a\u500d\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u671f\u671b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4f7f\u7528\u4f18\u5316\u5e93\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u5938\u5927\u4e86\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u591a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5dee\u8ddd\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230 100 \u5230 1000 \u500d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img_loading\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\" data-ratio=\"0.5504407443682664\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1021\" data-src=\"https:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz_png\/KmXPKA19gWibo16dqhfLOMSjHvUtEUUuoB40Ng8AI8YvSumvXYpUxciay3lNNC091jC7Vfhh1ibjq7tBp1ZZG0GnA\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 7. Python \u56db\u6b21\u4f18\u5316\u4e2d\u77e9\u9635\u4e58\u6cd5\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u52a0\u901f\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u6709\u5173\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6280\u672f\u6765\u7f29\u77ed\u6027\u80fd\u5dee\u8ddd\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f85\u4ee5\u4f53\u7cfb\u67b6\u6784\u589e\u5f3a\uff09\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9ad8\u6548\u7f16\u8bd1\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0 Python \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u811a\u672c\u8bed\u8a00\u6bd4\u8f83\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u3002<strong>\u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u73b0 25% \u7684\u63d0\u5347\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u8ba9 Python \u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u63d0\u5347\u767e\u500d<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u5f3a\u8c03\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f3a\u8c03\u6027\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784<\/strong>\uff08\u5907\u6ce8\uff1a<strong>Domain-specific architectures<\/strong>\uff0c\u7f29\u5199\u4e3a<strong>DSA<\/strong>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u52a0\u4ee5\u786c\u4ef6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u601d\u8def\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1<strong>\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u67b6\u6784<\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u5f3a\u5927\uff08\u4e14\u9ad8\u6548\uff09\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u300c\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff08DSA\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b9a\u5236\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec<strong>\u4e0e\u4e13\u7528\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\uff08ASIC\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u53d8\u5316<\/strong>\u3002DSA \u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u52a0\u901f\u5668\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u5728\u901a\u7528 CPU \u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u6574\u4e2a\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec<strong>\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u901f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/strong>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cDSA \u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u6c42\uff1bDSA \u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u56fe\u5f62\u52a0\u901f\u5355\u5143\uff08\u5373\u00a0<strong>GPU<\/strong>\uff09\uff0c<strong>\u7528\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5904\u7406\u5668<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff08<strong>SDN<\/strong>\uff09\u3002<strong>DSA \u6548\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u80fd\u8017\u66f4\u4f4e<\/strong>\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0cDSA \u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5355\u6307\u4ee4\u591a\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u884c\uff08SIMD\uff09\u6bd4\u591a\u6307\u4ee4\u591a\u6570\u636e\uff08MIMD\uff09\u66f4\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u949f\u6b65\u957f\u5185\u53ea\u9700\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\u6d41\u548c\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1 SIMD \u76f8\u6bd4 MIMD \u6ca1\u90a3\u4e48\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u8005\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5f88\u591a DSA\u3002DSA \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 VLIW \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0 ILP\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a8\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0cVLIW \u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e0e\u901a\u7528\u6027\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u9650\u9886\u57df\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u673a\u5236\u66f4\u52a0\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9ad8\u7aef\u901a\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u90fd\u662f\u8d85\u6807\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u542f\u52a8\u548c\u5b8c\u6210\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\uff0cVLIW \u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8c03\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u663e\u5f0f\u5e76\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0cDSA \u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5229\u7528\u5185\u5b58\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784<\/strong>\u3002\u5982 Horowitz \u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5185\u5b58\u8bbf\u95ee\u8981\u6bd4\u7b97\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u51fa\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee 32 \u5343\u5b57\u8282\u7f13\u5b58\u9700\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u505a 32 \u4f4d\u52a0\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u7ea6 200 \u500d\u3002<strong>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f18\u5316\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u8bbf\u95ee\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u80fd\u6548\u6765\u8bf4\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981<\/strong>\u3002\u901a\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u8bbf\u95ee\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c40\u90e8\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cCPU \u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u7ea7\u9ad8\u901f\u7f13\u5b58\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u5e26\u5bbd\uff0c\u5e76\u9690\u85cf\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u6162\u7684\u82af\u7247\u5916 DRAM \u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002<strong>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u591a\u7ea7\u9ad8\u901f\u7f13\u5b58\u901a\u5e38\u6d88\u8017\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u80fd\u91cf<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f46\u51e0\u4e4e\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7247\u5916 DRAM \u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbf\u95ee\u9700\u8981\u5927\u7ea6 10 \u500d\u4e8e\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ea7\u9ad8\u901f\u7f13\u5b58\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f13\u5b58\u6709\u4e24\u5927\u7f3a\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul class=\"list-paddingleft-2\">\n<li>\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8f83\u4f4e\u65f6\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5f53\u7f13\u5b58\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u9ad8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u540c\u65f6\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7f13\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f2\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u5185\u5b58\u8bbf\u95ee\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5178\u578b\u7684 DSL\uff08Domain-Specific Languages\uff0c\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff09\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u2014\u2014\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u548c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7f13\u5b58\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4f18\u5316\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<strong>DSA \u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7531\u8f6f\u4ef6\u660e\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u77e2\u91cf\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u9ad8\u901f\u7f13\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u80fd\u91cf<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0cDSA \u5728\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6<\/strong>\u3002\u9002\u7528\u4e8e<strong>\u901a\u7528\u4efb\u52a1\u7684 CPU \u901a\u5e38\u652f\u6301 32 \u548c 64 \u4f4d\u6574\u578b\u6570\u548c\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f88\u591a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u56fe\u50cf\u5e94\u7528\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51c6\u786e\u7387\u6709\u70b9\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff08DNN\uff09\uff0c\u63a8\u7406\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528 4\u30018 \u6216 16 \u4f4d\u6574\u578b\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6570\u636e\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e DNN \u8bad\u7ec3\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46 32 \u4f4d\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\uff0c16 \u4e3a\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e5f\u80fd\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6700\u540e\uff0cDSA \u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u8bed\u8a00\uff08DSL\uff09\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ed3\u6784\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u57df\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8bed\u8a00<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>DSA \u8981\u6c42\u5c06\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8fd0\u7b97\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u4f53\u7cfb\u67b6\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u822c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece Python\u3001Java\u3001C \u6216 Fortran \u7b49\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u62bd\u53d6\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u5b9e\u5728\u592a\u96be\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff08DSL\uff09\u7279\u522b\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u7f16\u7a0b DSA\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u00a0<strong>DSL \u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee4\u5411\u91cf\u3001\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u77e9\u9635\u548c\u7a00\u758f\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u8fd0\u7b97\u53d8\u5f97\u663e\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8 DSL \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u5c06\u8fd0\u7b97\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d<\/strong>\u3002DSL \u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e13\u6ce8\u77e9\u9635\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u8bed\u8a00 Matlab\u3001\u4e13\u6ce8 DNN \u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u8bed\u8a00 TensorFlow\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e13\u6ce8\u7f16\u7a0b SDN \u7684\u8bed\u8a00 P4 \u548c\u4e13\u6ce8\u56fe\u50cf\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8f6c\u6362\u7684 Halide \u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 DSL \u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97 DSL \u4e2d\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u79fb\u690d\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u67b6\u6784<\/strong>\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u5e95\u5c42 DSA \u7684\u6548\u7387\u8fd8\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 XLA \u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06 TensorFLow \u4ee3\u7801\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528 GPU \u6216 TPU \u7b49\u5f02\u6784\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u56fe\u3002DSA \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u6548\u7387\u662f\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u548c DSA \u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u90fd\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4ee5 TPU \u4e3a\u4f8b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a DSA \u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u8c37\u6b4c TPU 1 \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5b83\u65e8\u5728\u52a0\u901f\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u63a8\u65ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002TPU \u81ea 2015 \u5e74\u6295\u5165\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u641c\u7d22\u5f15\u64ce\u5230\u8bed\u8a00\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u56fe\u50cf\u8bc6\u522b\u652f\u6301\u7740\u8c37\u6b4c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u7740 AlphaGo \u548c AlphaZero \u7b49 DeepMind \u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7 \u4e50\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u7231IT \u7f16\u8005\uff08Peter Ye\uff09\u6309\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4e0a\u4e2a\u6708\uff0cDeeMind\u53c8\u53d6\u5f97\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u7684\u521b\u65b0\uff1a<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u300a<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzNjc1NzUzMw==&amp;mid=2247587093&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=c3ea639a494398daa8546af8684f3b25&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-linktype=\"2\"><em>\u5de8\u5927\u51b2\u51fb\uff01AlphaFold2\u518d\u767bNature\uff0c\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u90fd\u61f5\u4e86\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b98.5%\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff0c\u5168\u90fd\u88ab\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u4e00\u904d<\/em><\/a><em>\u300b<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0cDeeMind\u5c06\u5176\u5f00\u6e90\u4e86\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\u5fc5\u5c06\u50ac\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7b97\u529b\u9700\u6c42\u3002<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u300a<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA3NTIyODUzNA==&amp;mid=2649636132&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=50987b65d0e762c0efa6cb39968d6d20&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-linktype=\"2\"><em>AlphaFold2\u5f00\u6e90\u518d\u5f15\u8f70\u52a8\uff0cGitHub 4600\u9897star\uff01\u5168\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u5e94\u7528\u65f6\u4ee3\u6216\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u6765<\/em><\/a><em>\u300b<\/em><\/p>\n<p>TPU \u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u63a8\u65ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4e0e\u80fd\u6e90\u6548\u7387 10 \u500d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe 8 \u6240\u793a\uff0cTPU \u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u67b6\u6784\u4e0e\u901a\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5b83\u7684<strong>\u4e3b\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u5143\u662f\u77e9\u9635\u5355\u5143<\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u949f\u5468\u671f\u63d0\u4f9b\u63d0\u4f9b 256\u00d7256 \u4e58\u52a0\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u8109\u52a8\u9635\u5217\uff08systolic array\uff09\u3002TPU \u8fd8\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86 8-bit \u7cbe\u5ea6\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\u8109\u52a8\u67b6\u6784\uff08systolic structure\uff09\u548c SIMD \u63a7\u5236\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740<strong>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u949f\u5468\u671f\u6240\u80fd\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4e58\u52a0\uff08multiply-accumulates\uff09\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u901a\u7528\u5355\u6838 CPU \u7684 100 \u500d<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>TPU \u4f7f\u7528 24MB \u7684\u672c\u5730\u5185\u5b58\u4ee5\u4ee3\u66ff\u9ad8\u901f\u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u662f 2015 \u5e74\u76f8\u540c\u529f\u8017 CPU \u7684\u4e24\u500d\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6fc0\u6d3b\u503c\u5185\u5b58\u548c\u6743\u91cd\u5185\u5b58\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u50a8\u5b58\u6743\u91cd\u7684 FIFO \u7ed3\u6784\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7528\u6237\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u9ad8\u5e26\u5bbd\u5185\u5b58\u901a\u9053\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8c37\u6b4c\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5e38\u89c1\u7684 6 \u4e2a\u63a8\u65ad\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u52a0\u6743\u7b97\u672f\u5747\u503c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5ea6\u91cf\uff0c<strong>TPU \u6bd4\u4e00\u822c CPU \u8981\u5feb 29 \u500d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a TPU \u8981\u6c42\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u6548\u7387\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d1f\u8f7d\u4e2d\u662f\u4e00\u822c CPU \u7684 80 \u500d<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-401\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-34.jpg\" width=\"1080\" height=\"707\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-34.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-34-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-34-1024x670.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-34-768x503.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 8\uff1a\u8c37\u6b4c\u5f20\u91cf\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\uff08TPU v1\uff09\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u67b6\u6784\u56fe\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u5347\u786c\u4ef6\u6280\u672f\u6548\u7387\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u7f16\u7a0b\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<strong>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u5347\u73b0\u4ee3\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6784\u5efa\u9886\u57df\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u76f8\u6bd4\u901a\u7528 CPU \u80fd\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u6548\u7387\u7684\u67b6\u6784<\/strong>\u3002DSL \u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8fdb\u652f\u6301 DSA \u7b49\u67b6\u6784\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\/\u8f6f\u4ef6\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u663e\u8457\u6536\u76ca\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5782\u76f4\u96c6\u6210\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u961f\u4e86\u89e3\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u9886\u57df\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6280\u672f\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u73b0\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5728\u884c\u4e1a\u6a2a\u5411\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8de8\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u5782\u76f4\u96c6\u6210\u5e76\u505a\u51fa\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6280\u672f\u7814\u53d1\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5782\u76f4\u6574\u5408\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u590d\u6742\u6743\u8861\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d7\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u601d\u60f3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul class=\"list-paddingleft-2\">\n<li><strong>GPU<\/strong>\uff1a\u82f1\u4f1f\u8fbe GPU \u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u90fd\u6709\u5927\u578b\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u5f88\u591a\u786c\u4ef6\u7ebf\u7a0b\u548c\u7f13\u5b58\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><strong>TPU<\/strong>\uff1a\u8c37\u6b4c TPU \u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u4e8c\u7ef4\u6536\u7f29\u4e58\u6cd5\u5668\u548c\u677f\u8f7d\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u63a7\u5236\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><strong>FPGA<\/strong>\uff1a\u5fae\u8f6f\u5728\u5176\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u91cc\u90e8\u7f72\u4e86\u73b0\u573a\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u95e8\u9635\u5217\u5668\u4ef6\uff08FPGA\uff09\uff0c\u4e13\u7528\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>CPU\uff1a\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u63d0\u4f9b\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u578b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f13\u5b58\u548c\u4e00\u7ef4 SIMD \u6307\u4ee4\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u5e26\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684 CPU\uff0c<strong>\u5fae\u8f6f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 FPGA<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5904\u7406\u5668\u76f8\u6bd4 CPU \u66f4\u52a0\u63a5\u8fd1 TPU\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6570\u5341\u5bb6\u521b\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u6b63\u5728\u63a8\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u67b6\u6784\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6b63\u5728<strong>\u5c06\u6570\u767e\u5230\u6570\u5343\u4e2a\u6b64\u7c7b\u82af\u7247\u4e92\u8fde\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>DNN \u67b6\u6784\u7684\u96ea\u5d29\u5f0f\u6d8c\u73b0\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u9886\u57df\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3<\/strong>\u3002\u5728 2019 \u5e74\u5f88\u96be\u9884\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u5411\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\uff08\u6216\u8005\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\uff09\u4f1a\u8d62\uff0c\u4f46\u5e02\u573a\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u50cf\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u4e89\u8bba\u4e00\u6837\u89e3\u51b3\u7ade\u4e89\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u67b6\u6784<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u5f00\u6e90\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6210\u529f\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684 ISA\uff08<strong>Instruction Set Architecture\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u5408\u67b6\u6784<\/strong>\uff09\u3002\u8981\u521b\u5efa<strong>\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u300cLinux\u300d<\/strong>\uff0c\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u9700\u8981\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f ISA\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u62e5\u6709\u4e13\u5229\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u5f00\u6e90\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684 ISA \u8bbe\u8ba1\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63a8\u52a8\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4e3a\u82af\u7247\u63d0\u4f9b\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u6210\u672c\u4ece\u51e0\u7f8e\u5206\u5230 100 \u7f8e\u5143\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f RISC-V<\/strong>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u300cRISC Five\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a RISC \u67b6\u6784\u3002RISC-V \u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u5728 RISC-V \u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0b\u7ef4\u62a4\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u5141\u8bb8 ISA \u5728\u516c\u5f00\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4e13\u5bb6\u5728\u51b3\u7b56\u6700\u7ec8\u786e\u5b9a\u4e4b\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u534f\u4f5c\u3002\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u57fa\u91d1\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u5904\u662f ISA \u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3b\u8981\u51fa\u4e8e\u8425\u9500\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u4e13\u6709\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>RISC-V \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u3002\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u6307\u4ee4\u8fd0\u884c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5806\u6808\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b\u6216\u7701\u7565\u3002\u8be5\u57fa\u7840\u5305\u62ec 32 \u4f4d\u5730\u5740\u548c 64 \u4f4d\u5730\u5740\u7248\u672c\u3002RISC-V \u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u9009\u6269\u5c55\u6765\u589e\u957f\uff1b\u5373\u4f7f\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5806\u6808\u4ecd\u7136\u8fd0\u884c\u826f\u597d\u3002\u4e13\u6709\u67b6\u6784\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5f53\u5904\u7406\u5668\u516c\u53f8\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u529f\u80fd\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u5b83\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e RISC-V\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u589e\u5f3a\u529f\u80fd\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5220\u9664\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u5168\u540d\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul class=\"list-paddingleft-2\">\n<li>M. \u6574\u578b\u6570\u4e58\u6cd5\/\u9664\u6cd5\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>A. \u539f\u5b50\u5185\u5b58\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>F\/D. \u5355\/\u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>C. \u538b\u7f29\u6307\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u66f4\u5c11\u6307\u4ee4\u3002RISC-V \u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u5c11\u5f97\u591a\u3002base \u4e2d\u6709 50 \u4e2a\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb RISC-I \u76f8\u8fd1\u3002\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6269\u5c55\uff08M\u3001A\u3001F \u548c D\uff09\u589e\u52a0\u4e86 53 \u6761\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a C \u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86 34 \u6761\uff0c\u5171\u8ba1 137 \u6761\u3002ARMv8 \u6709\u8d85\u8fc7 500 \u6761\u6307\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u3002RISC-V \u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u683c\u5f0f\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u516d\u79cd\uff0c\u800c ARMv8 \u81f3\u5c11\u6709 14 \u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b80\u5355\u6027\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5904\u7406\u5668\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u786c\u4ef6\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\u3002\u7531\u4e8e RISC-V \u7684\u76ee\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u82af\u7247\u5230\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9a8c\u8bc1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f00\u53d1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>RISC-V \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u8bde\u751f 25 \u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u4ece\u5176\u524d\u8f88\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u4e86\u6559\u8bad\u3002\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3 RISC \u67b6\u6784\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u5fae\u67b6\u6784\u6216\u6280\u672f\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5206\u652f\u548c\u5ef6\u8fdf\u52a0\u8f7d\uff09\u6216\u521b\u65b0\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u7a97\u53e3\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0cRISC-V \u901a\u8fc7\u4e3a\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u4fdd\u7559\u5927\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c\u7801\u7a7a\u95f4\u6765\u652f\u6301 DSA\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u5b89\u5168\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f88\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u67b6\u6784\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u9664 RISC-V \u5916\uff0c<strong>\u82f1\u4f1f\u8fbe 2017 \u5e74\u8fd8\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e00\u4e2a\u514d\u8d39\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u82f1\u4f1f\u8fbe\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u52a0\u901f\u5668\uff08NVDLA\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u53ef\u914d\u7f6e DSA\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u63a8\u7406<\/strong>\u3002\u914d\u7f6e\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08int8\u3001int16 \u6216 fp16\uff09\u548c\u4e8c\u7ef4\u4e58\u6cd5\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u6a21\u5177\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4ece 0.5 mm^2 \u5230 3 mm^2\uff0c\u529f\u7387\u4ece 20 \u6beb\u74e6\u5230 300 \u6beb\u74e6\u3002ISA\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5806\u6808\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u90fd\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u67b6\u6784\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u5177\u6709\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f88\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u53ef\u4ee5\u56f4\u7ed5\u5b89\u5168\u67b6\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u4e13\u6709\u67b6\u6784\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u4f46<strong>\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u67b6\u6784\u5141\u8bb8\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6700\u4f73\u4eba\u624d\u5e2e\u52a9\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/strong>\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0cRISC-V \u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6027\u4f7f\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u67b6\u6784\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u3001\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5806\u6808\u4ee5\u53ca FPGA \u7684\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ebf\u90e8\u7f72\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5e76\u6bcf\u5468\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fed\u4ee3\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u867d\u7136 FPGA \u6bd4\u5b9a\u5236\u82af\u7247\u6162 10 \u500d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u5728\u7ebf\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5e26\u6765\u5b89\u5168\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u67b6\u6784\u6210\u4e3a\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u786c\u4ef6\/\u8f6f\u4ef6\u534f\u540c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u654f\u6377\u786c\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Beck \u7b49\u4eba 2001 \u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300a\u654f\u6377\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08The Manifesto for Agile Software Development\uff09\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u7011\u5e03\u5f0f\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u4f20\u7edf\u7cbe\u7ec6\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u6587\u6863\u7684\u9891\u7e41\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u5c0f\u578b\u7f16\u7a0b\u56e2\u961f\u5f88\u5feb\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u6709\u7528\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u539f\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u987e\u5ba2\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u654f\u6377\u5f00\u53d1\u7684 scrum \u7248\u672c\u96c6\u5408\u4e86 5 \u5230 10 \u540d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\u8fdb\u884c 2 \u5230 4 \u5468\u7684\u51b2\u523a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u6b21\u53d7\u5230\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1\u6210\u529f\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u673a\u4f1a\u662f\u654f\u6377\u786c\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u5bf9\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u6765\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u6d88\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08ECAD\uff09\u5de5\u5177\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u62bd\u8c61\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c<strong>\u4f7f\u5f97\u654f\u6377\u5f00\u53d1\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u66f4\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u91cd\u7528\u6027<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4ece\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4ea4\u4ed8\u5230\u8fd4\u56de\u82af\u7247\u6240\u9700\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u79f0\u786c\u4ef6\u53ea\u9700\u56db\u5468\u7684\u51b2\u523a\u65f6\u95f4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002\u56fe 9 \u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u654f\u6377\u5f00\u53d1\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5c42\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u539f\u578b\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u3002<strong>\u6700\u5185\u5c42\u662f\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6a21\u62df\u5668<\/strong>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6a21\u62df\u5668\u80fd\u591f\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fed\u4ee3\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u6700\u65b9\u4fbf\u5feb\u6377\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\u662f FPGA<\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6a21\u62df\u5668\u7684\u6570\u767e\u500d\u3002FPGA \u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff08\u50cf\u90a3\u4e9b\u6765\u81ea\u6807\u51c6\u6027\u80fd\u8bc4\u4f30\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff09\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u539f\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u5728\u4e91\u7aef\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 FPGA\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 FPGA\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u8d2d\u4e70\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bb0\u5f55\u82af\u7247\u9762\u79ef\u548c\u529f\u7387\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c<strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c42\u4f7f\u7528 ECAD \u5de5\u5177\u751f\u6210\u82af\u7247\u5e03\u5c40<\/strong>\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5de5\u5177\u8fd0\u884c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u5236\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u624b\u52a8\u6b65\u9aa4\u6765\u5b8c\u5584\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5904\u7406\u5668\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u5c06\u7b2c\u56db\u5c42\u79f0\u4e3a\u300ctape in\u300d\u3002\u524d\u56db\u4e2a\u5c42\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u56db\u5468\u51b2\u523a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-402\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-35.jpg\" width=\"1022\" height=\"735\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-35.jpg 1022w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-35-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aiforumimage.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c1494cdfcd6dc1-35-768x552.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u56fe 9\uff1a\u654f\u6377\u786c\u4ef6\u5f00\u53d1\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u51fa\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 tape in \u4e0a\u505c\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9762\u79ef\u3001\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u4f30\u8ba1\u975e\u5e38\u51c6\u786e\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u957f\u8dd1\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4e2d\u5728\u79bb\u7ec8\u70b9\u7ea6 100 \u7c73\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u505c\u4e0b\u6765\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8dd1\u6b65\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u9884\u6d4b\u6700\u540e\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u6bd4\u8d5b\u65b9\u9762\u4e0b\u8db3\u4e86\u529f\u592b\uff0c\u8dd1\u6b65\u8005\u4ecd\u4f1a\u9519\u8fc7\u7a7f\u8fc7\u7ec8\u70b9\u7ebf\u7684\u5174\u594b\u548c\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\u3002\u786c\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u642d\u5efa\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u7269\u3002\u6d4b\u91cf\u82af\u7247\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5411\u670b\u53cb\u5bb6\u4eba\u5c55\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u4e50\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u89c9\u5f97\u5fc5\u987b\u505c\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5236\u9020\u82af\u7247\u7684\u6210\u672c\u592a\u8fc7\u9ad8\u6602\u3002\u5f53\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f88\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u51fa\u5947\u5730\u4fbf\u5b9c\u3002\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u53ea\u8981\u82b1 14,000 \u7f8e\u5143\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba2\u8d2d 100 \u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a 1 \u5e73\u65b9\u6beb\u7c73\u7684\u82af\u7247\u3002\u5728 28 \u7eb3\u7c73\u5236\u7a0b\u4e0a\uff0c1 \u5e73\u65b9\u6beb\u7c73\u7684\u82af\u7247\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9 RISC-V \u5904\u7406\u5668\u548c NVLDA \u5904\u7406\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u82af\u7247\uff0c\u90a3\u6700\u5916\u5c42\u7684\u6210\u672c\u5c06\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c<strong>\u4f53\u7cfb\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5f88\u591a\u5c0f\u82af\u7247\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u300c\u6700\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u662f\u9ece\u660e\u6765\u4e34\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\u300d\u2014\u2014Thomas Fuller, 1650<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u8981\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u8bad\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\uff0c\u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8f6f\u4ef6\u521b\u65b0\u4e5f\u80fd\u6fc0\u52b1\u67b6\u6784\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u786c\u4ef6\/\u8f6f\u4ef6\u754c\u9762\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6c34\u5e73\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u89e3\u51b3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002iAPX-432 \u548c Itanium \u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u67b6\u6784\u6295\u5165\u5982\u4f55\u8d85\u8fc7\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u800c S\/360\u30018086 \u548c ARM \u5219\u8fde\u7eed\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u5e26\u6765\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u767b\u7eb3\u5fb7\u7f29\u653e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6807\u51c6\u5fae\u5904\u7406\u5668\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u51cf\u901f\u5e76\u975e\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u9ad8\u7ea7\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u67b6\u6784\u5c06\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u4ece\u4e13\u6709\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u7684\u94fe\u6761\u4e2d\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u4e5f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c06\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3<\/strong>\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u5f00\u6e90\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u654f\u6377\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u82af\u7247\u5c06\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u52a0\u901f\u5546\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u82af\u7247\u4e2d\u901a\u7528\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684 ISA \u7406\u5ff5\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f RISC\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7ecf\u53d7\u4f4f\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u5f85\u7740\u8fd9\u6b21\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e00\u6837\u5feb\u901f\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6b21\u662f\u5728\u6210\u672c\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u5584\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u6765\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u573a\u65b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u5bd2\u6b66\u7eaa\u7206\u70b8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e1a\u754c\u548c\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u5c06\u662f\u6fc0\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e50\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u7231IT\/\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u5fc3<\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_391\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only  \" data-element-id=\"391\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u81ea\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7 \u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u65b0\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u6700\u65b0\u529b\u4f5c\u300b\u3002 \u5148\u5206\u4eab\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7bc7 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_391\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only  \" data-element-id=\"391\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":395,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ai"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=391"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":403,"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/391\/revisions\/403"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aif.amtbbs.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}